For some patients, psychotherapy and medication alone aren't enough. Interventional treatments — Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS), Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT), and Spravato (esketamine) — can become important options, particularly for treatment-resistant or severe depression. TMS uses magnetic stimulation of targeted brain areas; Spravato is an FDA-approved intranasal esketamine treatment administered in a certified setting; ECT is performed under general anesthesia by a specialized medical team. Dr. Rao does not perform these procedures in her office — as a solo psychiatrist, she focuses on comprehensive evaluation, diagnosis, psychotherapy, and medication management, and refers to specialized programs when an interventional treatment becomes appropriate. She remains available to coordinate psychiatric care before, during, and after the procedure, since understanding why it's being considered and how it fits the longer-term plan remains equally important.